There are only two things you're likely to encounter in India as much as Delhi belly: ubiquitous copies of Gregory David Roberts' best-selling 2003 novel Shantaram in hostel lobbies and Swiss bakeries and, as noted in the book, constantly "being stared at with the [...] almost accusatory censure of those who've convinced themselves they've found the one true path".

Based on Roberts' own life, Shantaram tells the story of Lin, an armed robber on the run with a false passport. Lin ends up in a Bombay slum and is adopted "like a son" by a mystic Afghan mafia boss before becoming a gun runner to Africa and a mujahedeen (guerrilla fighter) in Afghanistan.

Having sold over six million copies since publication, there have been numerous attempts to adapt the book for film. It's now a TV series made for streaming service Apple TV+ starring British actor Charlie Hunnam. Production was stop-start due to COVID, but after a long wait the series will premiere on October 14.

The cult of authenticity

Roberts' semi-autobiographical character Lin calls himself "gora chierra, kala maan": white on the outside, but full Hindustani on the inside. Despite this, Shantaram perpetuates the Orientalist fantasies that much of Western art does when depicting India and Indians.

The "Indies" have long exerted a powerful pull over the Western imagination. Operas and ballets such as Lakme, La Bayadere, The Pearl Fishers and others portrayed Indian stories and people as exotic curiosities in stereotypical, Orientalist spectacles.

These productions served to excite both fascination and revulsion - as did Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom or The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel decades later.

Shantaram raises important questions about what author Vikram Chandra called the "cult of authenticity" in which too often, representations of India are artefacts of heightened or caricatured "Indianness" - designed to appeal to Western audiences.

It's what I've called in the past the "mango novel": increasingly familiar mirages of magical-realist wonders and colourful terrors in places at once enticingly and reassuringly distant (think of David Davidar's novel The House of Blue Mangoes or Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things, set in a mango pickle factory.)

The Indians in Shantaram don't vary much from the stereotypes, constantly needing Lin's help and "revealing" the true nature of India through their simplicity, generosity and poverty.

Like Elizabeth Gilbert's Eat Pray Love or Liam Pieper's recent Sweetness and Light, featuring similarly troubled spiritual tourists, the "natives" exist in the background or through the tour bus windows, India and its people merely a set and props for Lin's journey to enlightment.

On the bus from the airport, Lin sees only what he wants to see, prefiguring other "poverty porn" like the execrable Slumdog Millionaire:

Quality not quantity

Defenders of white privilege aside, many authors and audiences are questioning telling other people's stories, even as literature allows us to empathetically imagine another person's experience. As Salman Rushdie pointed out in his seminal essay, Imaginary Homelands,

Ontological questions about whether it's fact or fiction, or who wrote it or where they're from, shouldn't matter as long as the writing's good, such as in American author Katherine Boo's profoundly affecting 2012 account of Mumbai's slums, Behind The Beautiful Forevers.

Shantaram, however, is burdened by self-indulgent writing, cluttered with unrealistic, extraneous, often forgettable characters, strangled by meandering digressions, and addled with expository dialogue and perplexingly obvious aphorisms on the nature of life, or love, or - of course - India itself.

"This is not like any other place," Roberts writes. "This is India."

As reviewer Cameron Woodhead wrote of its sequel, The Mountain Shadow:

According to Roberts, in the decade between Shantaram and its sequel, he "offered [his] writer's perspective and writer's skills to several NGOs, and worked in human rights, social justice, the environment and health issues."

After The Mountain Shadow achieved neither the commercial success or critical acclaim of its predecessor, Roberts stepped back from public life, and embarked on what he calls "the spiritual path," shaving his head, applying Hindu spiritual markings, foregoing shoes and donning Indian hermetic robes.

Making notes on his guru's teachings, Roberts wrote an eponymous book, The Spiritual Path, featuring florid, cod-philosophical epigrams similar to those that choked his novels, such as "honesty is the river flowing into the sea of Trust" or "success is the full expression of personal fulfilment".

He recorded a reggae album, Love&Faith in Jamaica (featuring collaborations with Jamaican artists), released in December 2020, and has increased his focus on music since. A plethora of releases with titles such as Good Morning Morning and Deep SurRender (music to play while your project is rendering); a playlist called Shantaram House, and featured artists on his website including Scantana, "the man with the most grammar", suggest literature's loss is music's loss too.

Fixing the novel

Great literary fiction is often unfilmable because the kinetic range of the camera can't capture the affective tone of the narrator's voice or the author's use of language.

But in Shantaram's case, it's possible being transposed to the screen and focusing on the action, rather than the cod-philosophy and over-description, might actually address the inherent vices in Roberts' book.

As Indian reviewer Sandipan Deb wrote of The Mountain Shadow,

The new TV series is co-created, written and executive produced by showrunner Steve Lightfoot, with Bharat Nalluri directing and executive producing. Two initial episodes directed by Australian Justin Kurzel (Snowtown, Nitram) were reportedly considered too dark.

One hopes it will interrogate and subvert those persistent Orientalist, white saviour tropes, although with a trailer focusing on the white characters, who enjoy moody close ups as faceless Indians swarm in the slummy background, and with dialogue that's as forced and wooden as the book - including Hunnam's unconvincing Australian accent - it doesn't promise any great improvement.

For as Deb writes,

The first three episodes of Shantaram's 12-episode first season will air on Apple TV on Friday, 14 October, 2022.

Author: Sunil Badami - Academic Lead, Digital Transformation for Creative Industries, University of Technology Sydney